USCGC Campbell (WPG-32) in final configuration |
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| Career | |
|---|---|
| Name: | USCGC George W. Campbell |
| Namesake: | Treasury Secretary George Washington Campbell |
| Builder: | Philadelphia Naval Shipyard |
| Laid down: | 1 May 1935 |
| Launched: | 3 June 1936 |
| Commissioned: | 16 June 1936 |
| Decommissioned: | 1 April 1982 |
| Refit: | 1941, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1966 |
| Identification: | WPG-32 |
| Nickname: | Queen of the Seas |
| Fate: | Sunk as target by USN |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type: | Treasury Class |
| Displacement: | 2,350 tons (original) |
| Length: | 327 ft (100 m) |
| Beam: | 41 ft (12.5 m) |
| Propulsion: | 2 Babcock and Wilcox boilers and 2 Westinghouse double-reduction geared steam turbine engines. 6,200 hp (4.6 MW) |
| Speed: | 21 knots (39 km/h) |
| Range: | 8,270 nmi. (15,000 km) |
| Complement: | 125 to 225 men (depending on time period) |
| Armament: | 1936: 2 × 5"/51 (single mount); 2 × 6-pounders.; 1 × 1-pounder. 1941: 3 × 5"/51 (single mount); 3 × 3"/50 (single mount); 4 × .50 caliber Browning MG (machine gun); 2 × depth charge racks; 1 × "Y" gun depth charge projector. 1943: 2 × 5"/51 (single mount); 4 × 3"/50 (single mount); 2 × 20mm/80 (single mount); 1 × Hedgehog; 2 × "K" gun depth charge projectors; 2 × depth charge racks. 1945: 2 × 5"/38 (single mount); 3 × 40mm/60 (twin mount); 6 × 20mm/80 (single mount). 1946: 1 × 5"/38 (single mount); 1 × 40mm;/60 (twin mount); 8 × 20mm/80 (single mount); 1 × Hedgehog. 1966: 1 × 5"/38 MK30 Mod75 (single); MK 52 MOD 3 director; 1 × MK 10-1 Hedgehog; 2 (P&S) × Mk 32 MOD 5 TT, 4 × MK 44 MOD 1 torpedoes; 2 × .50 cal. MK-2 Browning MG, 2 × MK-13 high altitude parachute flare mortars |
| Aircraft carried: | originally 1 Grumman J2F Seaplane, later removed |
USCGC Campbell (WPG-32) was a 327-foot (100 m) Secretary-Class (also known as "Treasury Class") Coast Guard ship built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1935-1936 and commissioned in 1936. Seven similar "combat cutters" were built and named for secretaries of the United States Treasury. The Campbell was named for George Washington Campbell, a native of Scotland, who served as a Secretary of the Treasury under President James Madison. The ship earned the title "Queen of the Seas" during a 46-year career, spanning World War II, the Korean War, and Vietnam War.
Her peace-time armament consisted of two 5-inch 51 caliber and two 6-pound signal guns, all mounted forward. Unlike the other Secretary Class cutters, Campbell and Ingham did not continue to carry aircraft, though they had originally been equipped to do so.
The George W. Campbell was launched on 3 June 1936 and sailed to her homeport of Stapleton, New York, under the command of Cdr. E.G. Rose, USCG, assigned to conduct search and rescue and law enforcement patrols. She left New York on 22 October 1936, for her shakedown cruise to Southampton, England, returning to New York on 16 November. In August 1937 her official name was shortened to "Campbell" and it was also during this time that her mascot Sinbad reported aboard. Sinbad remained on the Campbell throughout her tour of duty during World War II, caused at least two international incidents in foreign harbors, faithfully manned his battle station during combat, and generally kept the crew amused during her long voyages over eleven years[1]; Sinbad died on 30 December 1951, after many years of service,[2] and was one of the few Coast Guardsmen to have a published biography.[3]
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On 5 September 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed American neutrality in the conflict and ordered the formation of a neutrality patrol by the Navy to report and track any belligerent air, surface, or submarine activity in the waters off the United States east coast and in the West Indies. The Navy determined that its destroyers were not capable of extended cruises in the North Atlantic and asked that the Coast Guard conduct these patrols. The Coast Guard assigned the Campbell to conduct the first Coast Guard neutrality patrol, which were referred to as "Grand Banks Patrols." Campbell would perform five such cruises, each lasting approximately two weeks, the last such cruise returning to New York on 29 January 1940.
When prepared for convoy escort duty prior to her sailing for Portugal, workers at the New York Navy Yard added three 3-inch 51 caliber guns in-line, aft. Her two signal guns that were directly forward of the bridge were replaced with a single 3-inch 50 caliber gun. Her two 5-inch 51 caliber main batteries remained unchanged. Campbell was the first Secretary Class cutter to transfer for duty with the Navy (on 1 July 1941) and the first to sail on escort of convoy duties when she escorted Convoy HX-159 which sailed on 10 November 1941.[4] The Campbell's permanent station was changed from Stapleton to Boston in February, 1942, and she later exchanged a 5-inch (130 mm) for a 3-inch (76 mm) gun, installed 6 more 20 mm guns, substituted 2 "K" guns for "Y" guns and had splinter protection built around three gun decks, bridge and wheel house.
Campbell, along with Spencer, were the first US warships equipped with HF/DF, pioneered by the Royal Navy for the fight against the German U-boat fleet. The two cutters had been selected by the Navy to serve as test ships to gain experience with HF/DF, using British FH3 systems (carrying the U.S. designation Type DAR) installed in the American shipyard in Northern Ireland under the supervision of experts from the Admiralty Signals Establishment. [5] As the Royal Navy had already discovered, HF/DF was an important part of combatting the threat posed to Allied convoys by U-boats, and the experience with the interim DAR equipment provided impetus to the U.S. development of its own Type DAQ system.[6]
When the British and Canadians assumed full responsibility for convoys in the North Atlantic in mid-1943, the US took control of all mid-Atlantic and Mediterranean convoys, where the cutters faced a constant threat from U-boats and the Luftwaffe. Convoys were especially vulnerable once they cleared Gibraltar. Campbell sailed as an escort for Mediterranean convoys in 1943–1944 and saw considerable action against both U-boats and aircraft, with two incidents in particular of note.
On 21 February 1943, Campbell was escorting the 48-ship Convoy ON-166 when the convoy was surrounded by a U-Boat "wolf pack". U-92 and U-753 torpedoed and sank the NT Nielsen Alonso.[1] Dispatched to assist, Campbell rescued fifty survivors and then turned to attack U-753, damaging it so badly that it had to withdraw. Throughout the 21st and 22nd, Campbell attacked several U-Boats inflicting damage and driving off the subs. Later on the 22nd, U-606, having sustained heavy damage, surfaced in the midst of the convoy attempting a surface attack. Campbell struck the sub a glancing blow that gashed Campbell's hull in the engine room below the waterline, but continued to attack, dropping two depth charges which exploded and lifted the sub out of the water. The crew brought all guns to bear on the subs, fighting on until water in the engine room shorted out all electricity. As the ship lost power and the searchlights illuminating the sub went out, the U-Boat commander ordered the sub abandoned. Campbell ceased fire and lowered boats to rescue the sub's survivors. Campbell, disabled in the attack, was towed to port nine days later, repaired and returned to escort duty.
Illustrator Anton Otto Fischer, working for Life Magazine, was serving as a Lieutenant Colonel on the Campbell for this voyage. His series of detailed oil paintings depicting the battle and its aftermath appeared in Life's July 5, 1943 edition.[7]
Additional detail on U606 encounter on 2/22/43 by nephew of the Chief Engineer (added 12/26/2011).
My Uncle Eddy served aboard the Campbell during WWII as Chief Engineer and often told me, as a young boy, the encounter with U606. What has been previously described is accurate and I won’t repeat it. Here are additional details from that encounter.
The Campbell engaged U606 after it surfaced but the range was so close the Campbell’s main guns could not be lowered enough to fire on the sub. The Campbell’s captain decided to ram the sub, the Campbell had an ice breaker bow. As the two vessels closed on each other, small arms fire was exchanged and the U-boat was still under power with her diesels. The U-boat’s captain, realizing he was going to be rammed turned towards the Campbell in an attempt to avoid being rammed, and perhaps realizing their closeness was protecting his U-boat from the Campbell’s main batteries. One can possibly assume the U-boat captain was attempted to get aft of the Campbell to try to outrun her on the surface.
As the two vessels approached each other, whether intentionally or not, the sub’s diving planes were still full extended outward. As the two ships sideswiped each other the sub’s diving plane sliced the Campbell open like a can opener, allowing water to enter her engine and boiler rooms. As the two ships opened distance again, the Campbell quickly lost all engine and electrical power and her guns could not be fired or brought to bear without electrical power. The U-boat captain, most likely unaware of the extensive damage to the Campbell. scuttled his ship.
With the Campbell’s engine and boiler rooms totally flooded, the Campbell had no propulsion, no defenses other than small arms, no electric power, lights or heat, and the pumps on the Campbell were inoperative. The gash in the hull extended for several inches into an adjacent watertight compartment and if it flooded the Campbell could not stay afloat. The crew rigged some sort of matting and my Uncle Eddy when into the frigid water, in a hard hat diver’s suit, to weld a plate or the matt over the gash in the adjacent compartment to stop the flooding. He was awarded a medal for undertaking this dangerous repair and dive.
My Uncle said they could not send out a distress signal (radio had backup batteries) because German U-boat might detect their sitting duck predicament and finish her off. During the nine days they were adrift in the freezing North Atlantic, my Uncle said they spotted more than one periscope but the Germans probably assumed the Campbell was playing dead in an effort to sucker a U-boat to take shot at them. Finally the Polish manned destroyer, Burza, came upon the disabled Campbell and towed her to port.
After the Campbell was towed to port for repairs, it was discovered U606’s diving plane was still stuck in the side of the Campbell. The diving plane was cut up into small pieces by the shipyard and a pieces was given to each crew member. I saw the piece my Uncle Eddy had but it is now long gone.
In April 1944, the Convoy UGS-40, consisting of some 80 vessels, sailed for the Mediterranean, led by Campbell. The escort screen contained three destroyers, six American destroyer escorts from CortDiv 5, and two French destroyer escorts. Due to recent attacks by the Luftwaffe against Allied convoys in the western Mediterranean, UGS-40 sailed with an elaborate air defense plan, formulated by the convoy's screen commander, Comdr. Jesse C. Sowell, aboard the Campbell. Practiced in Hampton Roads prior to the convoy's departure and as it crossed the Atlantic, these tactics were designed to meet mass aerial attacks by German aircraft carrying a variety of weapons ranging from bombs, to torpedoes, to radio-controlled glider bombs. Off Gibraltar, UGS-40 acquired additional escorts: British antiaircraft cruiser HMS Caledon (D53), USS Wilhoite (DE-397), USS Benson (DD-421), and two American minesweepers (USS Steady (AM-118) and USS Sustain (AM-119)) carrying special apparatus to jam radar transmissions and thus confuse the German glider bombs. On 9 May 1944, the convoy possed through the Straits of Gibraltar en route to Bizerte, Tunisia, without incident, but two days later detected German "snoopers" trailing the convoy. In the next few hours, 10 successive shore-based fighter interception sorties failed to drive off the enemy reconnaissance aircraft. First alerted by shore-based radar, the escort screen went to general quarters at 13:16 on 11 May, beginning the first of five successive alerts. In Campbell, Commander Sowell warned the escorts to be alert to the possibility of a dusk attack. At 20:25, radar noted the approach of enemy aircraft, and Sowell formed the convoy into eight columns 1,000 yards (910 m) apart for maneuvering room. When the enemy was reported 70 miles (110 km) north of Cape Corbelin, UGS-40 steered due east, past Cape Bengut. Shortly after sunset, escort ships commenced laying smokescreens, as the German aircraft, a mixed force of Junkers (Ju.) 88's, Heinkel He. 111's, and Dornier Do. 217's, approached from the stern of the convoy and broke into groups to attack from different points of the compass. The destroyer escorts and friendly fighter craft downed an estimated 17 of the enemy torpedo planes, and drove away all the remainder, and the Allied convoy emerged unscathed.
| Convoy | Escort Group | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ON 28 | 31 Oct-3 Nov 1941[8] | from Iceland to Newfoundland prior to US declaration of war | |
| HX 159 | 10-19 Nov 1941[9] | from Newfoundland to Iceland prior to US declaration of war | |
| ON 39 | 29 Nov-4 Dec 1941[8] | from Iceland to Newfoundland prior to US declaration of war | |
| HX 166 | 25-31 Dec 1941[9] | from Newfoundland to Iceland | |
| ON 53 | 9-19 Jan 1942[8] | from Iceland to Newfoundland | |
| HX 174 | MOEF group A3 | 9-17 Feb 1942[9] | from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland |
| ON 69 | MOEF group A3 | 25 Feb-4 March 1942[8] | from Northern Ireland to Newfoundland |
| SC 76 | MOEF group A3 | 28 March-11 April 1942[10] | from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland |
| HX 190 | MOEF group A3 | 20-27 May 1942[9] | from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland |
| ON 102 | MOEF group A3 | 10-21 June 1942[8] | from Northern Ireland to Newfoundland |
| HX 196 | MOEF group A3 | 2-10 July 1942[9] | from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland |
| ON 114 | MOEF group A3 | 20-30 July 1942[8] | from Northern Ireland to Newfoundland |
| SC 100 | MOEF group A3 | 16-27 Sept 1942[10] | from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland |
| ON 135 | MOEF group A3 | 3-14 Oct 1942[8] | from Northern Ireland to Newfoundland |
| HX 212 | MOEF group A3 | 23 Oct-1 Nov 1942[9] | from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland |
| ON 145 | MOEF group A3 | 10-20 Nov 1942[8] | from Northern Ireland to Newfoundland |
| ON 156 | 25-30 Dec 1942[10] | Iceland shuttle | |
| HX 223 | MOEF group A3 | 19-late Jan 1943[9] | from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland |
| Convoy ON 166 | MOEF group A3 | 12-22 Feb 1943[8] | from Northern Ireland to Newfoundland |
After conversion to an Amphibious Command Ship (Type AGC) in the Boston Navy Yard between 4 January and 28 March 1945, Campbell was assigned to duty in the Pacific as an Amphibious Flagship. She sailed from Pearl Harbor for Saipan and arrived on 3 August 1945, sailing again for Manila on 10 August, and Leyte on the 19th. On 1 October 1945 she was anchored at Wakanoura Wan, Honshū, Japan as the flagship for Communications Service Division 103. On 30 October she sailed to Sasebo and stayed until 30 November when she was ordered back to the U.S.[1] In January 1959, Campbell was one of the ships which answered the distress call of Hans Hedtoft which had struck an iceberg off Greenland. She participated in the search until it was called off on 7 February.[11]
Campbell was twice more called to combat action, in Korea and Vietnam. During Operation Market Time, Campbell destroyed or damaged 105 Viet Cong structures and steamed over 32,000 miles (51,000 km) in the Vietnamese War Zone. Campbell was assigned to Search-and-Rescue, Maritime Law Enforcement, Military Readiness, and Ocean Station duties. She was homeported in New York City until 1969 when she moved to Portland, Maine. In 1974 her homeport was again changed, this time to Port Angeles, Washington. There she continued her peacetime duties until decommissioned in 1982. At the time of decommissioning, Campbell was the oldest active continually commissioned vessel in the United States Fleet.[2]
USCGC Campbell was sunk on 29 November 1984 as a target in the mid-Pacific ocean by the United States Navy, and rests at 2,800 fathoms. A final message was trasmitted as the ship, which remained largely intact after a Harpoon missile strike, went down. It said:
"UNCLAS //N05752// SUBJ: FINAL FAREWELL
1. I SERVED WITH HONOR FOR ALMOST FORTY-SIX YEARS, IN WAR AND PEACE, IN THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC. WITH DUTY AS DIVERSE AS SAVING LIVES TO SINKING U-BOATS, OCEAN STATIONS TO FISHERIES ENFORCEMENT, AND FROM TRAINING CADETS TO BEING YOUR FLAGSHIP. I HAVE BEEN ALWAYS READY TO SERVE.
2. TODAY WAS MY FINAL DUTY. I WAS A TARGET FOR A MISSILE TEST. ITS SUCCESS WAS YOUR LOSS AND MY DEMISE. NOW KING NEPTUNE HAS CALLED ME TO MY FINAL REST IN 2,600 FATHOMS AT 22-48N 160-06W.
3. MOURN NOT, ALL WHO HAVE SAILED WITH ME. A NEW CUTTER CAMPBELL BEARING MY NAME, WMEC-909, WILL SOON CONTINUE THE HERITAGE. I BID ADIEU. THE QUEEN IS DEAD. LONG LIVE THE QUEEN."[12]
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